Synthesis of some new N-[alkyl/aralkyl]-N-[2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxan-6-yl]-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamides as possible therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease and Type-2 Diabetes

In the current research work, a series of new N-[alkyl/aralkyl]-N-[2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxan-6-yl]-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamides has been synthesized by reacting 1,4-benzozzdioxan-6-amine [1] with 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride [2] to yield N-[2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxan-6-yl]-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide [3] which was further reacted with different alkyl/aralkyl halides [4a-n] to afford the target compounds [5a-n]. Structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H-NMR, EI-MS spectral techniques and CHN analysis data. The results of enzyme inhibition showed that the molecules, N-2-phenethyl-N-[2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl]-4- chlorobenzenesulfonamide [5j] and N-[1-butyl]-N-[2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl]-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide [5d], exhibited moderate inhibitory potential against acetylcholinesterase with IC50 values 26.25+/-0.11 ?M and 58.13+/-0.15 ?M respectively, whereas, compounds N-benzyl-N-[2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl]-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide [5i] and N-[pentane-2-yl]-N-[2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl]-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide [5f] showed moderate inhibition against ?-glucosidase enzyme as evident from IC50 values 74.52+/-0.07 and 83.52+/-0.08 µM respectively, relative to standards Eserine having IC50 value of 0.04+/-0.0001 µM for cholinesterases and Acarbose having IC50 value 38.25+/-0.12 µM for ?-glucosidase, respectively

Frequency of different causes of painful swollen leg in patients referred for sonographic examination at a teaching hospital

Objective: To determine the frequency of different causes of painful swollen leg in patients referred for sonographic examination at a teaching hospital

Methodology: This was a descriptive study, carried out at the Department of Radiology, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar from April 2015 to September 2015. A total of 241 consecutive patients presenting with painful swollen lower limb from 23 to 85 years of age of both sexes referred to Department of Radiology for ultrasound were included in the study. Each of these patients underwent sonographic examination. Toshiba Nemio 20 Color/ Power Dop-pler ultrasound machine having 7.5 MHz linear probe were used

Results: Out of 241 patients, 33.2% were male and 66.8% were female. Mean age of the patients was 58.09 years. The causes of painful swollen leg were DVT 51.9%, intramuscular abscess 12%, cellulitis 9.5% and ruptured baker's cyst in 8.7% of patients

Conclusion: Deep vein thrombosis is the commonest cause of painful swollen leg in our population

Pre and post percutaneous transvenous mitral commissorotomy assessment of ventricular functions in severe rheumatic mitral stenosis by tissue doppler imaging echocardiography

To evaluate the left and right ventricular functions in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis by Doppler tissue imaging echocardiography technique before and 24 hours after percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy. A total of 60 patients included in the study. Pre and Post Percutaneous Transvenous Mitral Commissurotomy of Left and Right Ventricular functions were assessed by calculating velocities at Mitral and Tricuspid Valve Annulus by using Tissue Doppler Imaging Echocardiography at Echo Wing of Cardiology unit LRH. The peak systolic velocities improved from 0.07 +/- 0.01 Pre to 0.085 +/- 0.01 Post Percutaneous Transvenous Mitral Commissurotomy with statistical significance [p-value=0.001] at Mitral valve annulus. Similarly early diastole and late diastolic velocities also showed statistically significant improvements at mitral annulus. Pre Percutaneous Transvenous Mitral Commissurotomy early diastolic velocity of 0.075 +/- 0.02 improved to 0.1 +/- 0.02 Post Percutaneous Transvenous Mitral Commissurotomy with a highly significant P-value of 0.001. For late diastole, p-value was also significant [Pre=0.11 +/- 0.02, Post=0.15 +/- 0.03, p-value=0.01]. An analysis of various velocities was also made at individual sites of mitral valve annulus i.e., septal, lateral, inferior and anterior sites. At all these sites, Post Percutaneous Transvenous Mitral Commissurotomy velocities were statistically significant with p-value less than 0.05. Tricuspid annular velocities did not show statistically significant improvements after 24 hours of Percutaneous Transvenous Mitral Commissurotomy. Systolic and diastolic velocities significantly improved after Percutaneous Transvenous Mitral Commissurotomy at mitral annulus, but this change was not observed at tricuspid annulus. It showed that Tissue Doppler Imaging Echocardiography aided in assessment of immediate improvement in left ventricular function after Percutaneous Transvenous Mitral Commissurotomy in patients suffering from severe mitral stenosis and in sinus rhythm

How aware are the educators of cardiovascular risk factors?

The aim of this study was to know the frequency of CVD risk factors in teachers of Peshawar. Data for this study was derived from Peshawar Heart study [PHS]. PHS was conducted by Cardiology Department Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar to determine various cardiovascular risk factors like diabetes hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, physical inactivity etc. in various occupational groups of Peshawar. Data of 174 school teachers recruited in Peshawar Heart Study [PHS] was analyzed for the frequency of CVD risk factors. Their mean age was 42.95 +/- 8.29 years. Mean BMI was 26.11 +/- 4.53 Kg/m[2] and 35.05% [n=61] were overweight and 47.07% [n=83] were found to be obese. Mean systolic blood pressure was 131.2 +/- 18.16 mmHg and 33.33% [n=58] had systolic blood of >/= 140 mmHg. Mean diastolic blood pressure was 89.25 +/- 12.13 mmHg and 59.77% [104] had their diastolic pressure >/= 90 mmHg and 5.75% [n=10] were known hypertensive. Mean cholesterol was 168 mg/dl while 20.68% [n=36] had cholesterol of >/=180mg /dl. Out of 174 school teachers 4% [n=7] were known diabetic and 6.32% [n=11] had RBS of >/=140 mg/dl. CAD was found in 3.44% [n=6]. Family history of CAD was positive in 18.96% [n=33]. Fifty eight percent subjects admitted to regular exercise. ECGs were also analyzed and it was found that 2.88% [n=5] were having LVH, 1.75% [n=3] were having right bundle branch block [RBBB] and 2.88% [n=5] have changes of previous myocardial infarction. It was demonstrated in this study that CVD risk factors especially lack of exercise, obesity and hypertension were common in school teachers